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Sapphire is any color of the mineral corundum other than red, those are called ruby, (see above) corundum is composed of aluminum oxide. Sapphires tend to be translucent or transparent and have high amounts of refraction. The most desirable sapphires are generally those with an intense blue color with plenty of sparkle and life. Various shades of blue result from titanium and iron substitutions in the aluminum oxide crystal lattice. Some sapphires show a 3-point or 6-point star or asterism. These sapphires are cut into cabochons to display this effect. They can be found in Brazil, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Thailand, Madagascar and Australia.
Sapphires are mainly known for their shades of blues, but they come in an assortment of colors.
Color: all colors across the spectrum including white and black.
Hardness: 9It should be noted that many Sapphires can be treated to enhance or change their color. They are heated or irradiated to produce colors such as greens, yellows or even blues. While the color of Sapphires can be changed by intense heat and radiation, it is stable for daily wear jewelry.
Color: Shades of blue, other colors- padparadscha (salmon pink), pink and purple, orange and yellow, green, and colorless and black. Each category has its own color range.